Each version of MS Windows provides different services, of course, so any list of services to disable for security purposes will be at least somewhat particular to a given version of Microsoft Windows. As such, a list like this one needs to be identified with a specific Microsoft Windows version, though it can still serve as a guide for the knowledgeable MS Windows user to check out the running services on other versions as well.

If you are running Microsoft Windows XP on your desktop system, consider turning off the following services. You may be surprised by what is running without your knowledge.

* IIS – Microsoft’s Internet Information Services provide the capabilities of a Webserver for your computer.
* NetMeeting Remote Desktop Sharing — NetMeeting is primarily a VoIP and videoconferencing client for Microsoft Windows, but this service in particular is necessary to remote desktop access.
* Remote Desktop Help Session Manager – This service is used by the Remote Assistance feature that you can use to allow others remote access to the system to help you troubleshoot problems.
* Remote Registry – The capabilities provided by the Remote Registry service are frightening to consider from a security perspective. They allow remote users (in theory, only under controlled circumstances) to edit the Windows Registry.
* Routing and Remote Access – This service bundles a number of capabilities together, capabilities that most system administrators would probably agree should be provided separately. It is rare that any of them should be necessary for a typical desktop system such as Microsoft Windows XP, however, so they can all conveniently be turned off as a single service. Routing and Remote Access provides the ability to use the system as a router and NAT device, as a dialup access gateway, and a VPN server.
* Simple File Sharing – When a computer is not a part of a Microsoft Windows Domain, it is assumed by the default settings that any and all filesystem shares are meant to be universally accessible. In the real world, however, we should only want to provide shares to very specific, authorized users. As such, Simple File Sharing, which only provides blanket access to shares without exceptions, is not what we want to use for sharing filesystem resources. It is active by default on both MS Windows XP Professional and MS Windows XP Home editions. Unfortunately, this cannot be disabled on MS Windows XP Home. On MS Windows XP Professional, however, you can disable it by opening My Computer -> Tools -> Folder Options, clicking the View tab, and unchecking the Use simple file sharing (Recommended) checkbox in the Advanced settings: pane.
* SSDP Discovery Service – This service is used to discover UPnP devices on your network, and is required for the Universal Plug and Play Device Host service (see below) to operate.
* Telnet – The Telnet service is a very old mechanism for providing remote access to a computer, most commonly known from its use in the bad ol’ days of security for remote command shell access on Unix servers. These days, using Telnet to remotely manage a Unix system may be grounds for firing, where an encrypted protocol such as SSH should be used instead.
* Universal Plug and Play Device Host – Once you have your “Plug and Play” devices installed on your system, it is often the case that you will not need this service again.
* Windows Messenger Service – Listed in the Services window under the name Messenger, the Windows Messenger Service provides “net send” and “Alerter” functionality. It is unrelated to the Windows Messenger instant messaging client, and is not necessary to use the Windows Messenger IM network.

On your system, these services may not all be turned on, or even installed. Whether a given service is installed and running may depend on whether you installed the system yourself, whether you are using XP Home or XP Professional, and from which vendor you got your computer if MS Windows XP was installed by a vendor.

Source: Techrepublic

Easy way to multiply big numbers

This video explains how to hide your secret files inside JPG files so that no one can find it.

View this video file

Podcasting is delivering audio content to iPods and other portable media players on demand, so that it can be listened to at the user’s convenience. The main benefit of podcasting is that listeners can sync content to their media player and take it with them to listen whenever they want to. Because podcasts are typically saved in MP3 format, they can also be listened to on nearly any computer.

Podcasting works the same way, with one exception. Instead of reading the new content on a computer screen, you listen to the new content on an iPod or iPod-like device.

The term podcasting was popularized by media entrepreneur and former MTV VJ Adam Curry. Curry created an Applescript application that automated the process of downloading and syncing audio files to iPods.

Curry’s application built on the work of programmer Dave Winer, a pioneer in both the world of web logs and XML development. Winer wrote the RSS 2.0 specification, which is used to deliver information about podcasts. RSS is an XML format that is used to define channels of information that contain elements, which are typically stories or web log entries.

RSS files are often used as a standardized way of publishing meta information about content. For example, web logs are typically user’s thoughts about news stories or other web content.

RSS 2.0 supports enclosures, which are URL references to web content. This makes it possible to use RSS files to provide information about web content in a standard XML-based format. Podcasts are simply the application of RSS enclosures to audio files.

Podcasting in 4 Steps

Publishers create audio content, and post it to a web server, typically in MP3 format.
They publish an RSS file (newsfeed) that contains RSS news items that reference the audio content. Each RSS item provides meta information about an audio file, such as the file’s name and description, and contains an RSS enclosure with the URL of the audio file.
End-users regularly check for new versions of the newsfeed, using an application like iPodder. When a new version is found, iPodder reads through it, identifies the audio file URLs, downloads them and syncs them to a media player.
Users listen to the “podcasted” audio file when it is convenient.
Podcasting has been described as TiVo for Internet audio, because it lets users save content digitally, and replay it at their convenience. This comparison, though, only addresses the idea of time-shifting, and not the idea that podcasting lowers barriers to entry, creates an alternate distribution model for audio content or that it lets publishers extend the reach of Internet content to times when people aren’t even connected.

Podcasting can be used for publishing any type of audio, and some developers are exploring the idea of using the same techniques to publish video and other types of content.

Podcasting is spreading quickly because of the rapid adoption of MP3 players, and the desire of owners to have fresh content.

It used to be easy to select an operating system. Not any more. With Windows Vista, Microsoft has unleashed five different editions, each of which targets a specific group of users.

Get the wrong edition of Vista, and you’ll end up wishing you were back with XP – or opening your wallet again for the version you should have purchased in the first place. The good news: it’s pretty easy to learn which version of Vista is right for you and it might not even be the one that costs the most.

Vista Home Basic

The Home Basic version of Vista is the one probably no one wants, yet those purchasing low-priced new computers with the idea that getting Vista will be part of the bargain may not be able to avoid it.

That’s because Home Basic is designed to run on hardware that might not otherwise be able to support full-featured versions of Vista. So the first thing that Home Basic dispenses with is the signature Aero interface – the headline feature that arguably makes Vista what it is.

Without Aero, Home Basic lacks the snazzy, semi-transparent windows of other versions of Vista, in addition to plenty of other visual niceties that come with Aero. Home Basic also lacks Windows Media Centre, which is essential for juggling a variety of multimedia tasks.

Home Basic does have the improved search capabilities, improved security, and updated hardware support, but much of what Home Basic offers can already be provided by XP and some decent add-on utilities.

If you’re buying a new computer in hopes of getting Windows Vista in the deal, it would be worth your while to pay up for a better version of Vista or else purchase a PC that already comes with an upgraded version.
Vista Home Premium

If you’ll never need to connect to your office’s computer network, either directly or over the Internet, Vista Home Premium is a safe bet.

This version of Vista has everything that Microsoft considers essential to the savvy, mobile home user. First, home Premium sports the Aero interface in all its glory.

A Mobility Centre, useful for those on the go, makes it easy to quickly disconnect from wireless networking, conserve energy by changing power settings and display brightness, and more.

And the Vista Sync Centre is geared toward those who need to synch up multiple devices to their PCs – everything from PDAs to mobile music devices.

What it lacks for those who need office connectivity is the essential remote desktop function.

Vista Business

Vista Business may be the best version of Vista for those who want a no-nonsense, get-the-work-done operating system.

Vista Business dispenses with the entertainment-oriented features and accompanying overhead of other versions of Vista – including Media Centre – and focuses instead on giving business users the productivity tools they need.
Chief among these is remote desktop, which allows you to steer your office computer from afar, so long as you can connect to it via the Internet. Remote desktop was available in XP Pro, but Vista also adds some vital tools that help businesses protect their data and improve connectivity.

A built-in diagnostics tool in Vista Business can actually predict hard drive failure, for example, and warn a user when an impending hardware problem could result in data loss.

Vista Business also has strong support for handwriting recognition and tablet PCs.

Vista Ultimate

If you want it all – Aero, entertainment, Media Centre, and business-friendly features – then you want Vista Ultimate. Windows Vista is not forgiving of hardware, but with its target group being enthusiast computer users who delve as deeply into games as they do into business meetings, it’s expected that top-end hardware will be on hand.

What Vista Ultimate adds that other versions leave out is sophisticated data protection. The BitBlocker technology built in to Vista can encrypt an entire Vista disk, preventing unauthorised access from both other users and malicious programs downloaded from the Internet.

Ultimate also include Ultimate Extras, a collection of utilities available only to owners of the Ultimate edition.

Vista Enterprise

This version of Vista, not sold at the retail level, is clearly aimed at large corporations. Essentially an enhanced version of Vista Business, Enterprise includes support for Unix-based applications as well as tools that beef up backward-compatibility with older applications.

You can look at the many versions of Vista as unnecessarily confusing or as a banquet of plenty. However you see them, choosing the right version of Vista the first time will save you money and let you concentrate on what matters: using your PC.

You’ve read the reviews and digested the key feature enhancements and operational changes. Now it’s time to delve a bit deeper and uncover some of Windows XP’s secrets.

1. It boasts how long it can stay up. Whereas previous versions of Windows were coy about how long they went between boots, XP is positively proud of its stamina. Go to the Command Prompt in the Accessories menu from the All Programs start button option, and then type ‘systeminfo’. The computer will produce a lot of useful info, including the uptime. If you want to keep these, type ‘systeminfo > info.txt’. This creates a file called info.txt you can look at later with Notepad. (Professional Edition only).

2. You can delete files immediately, without having them move to the Recycle Bin first. Go to the Start menu, select Run… and type ‘ gpedit.msc’; then select User Configuration, Administrative Templates, Windows Components, Windows Explorer and find the Do not move deleted files to the Recycle Bin setting. Set it. Poking around in gpedit will reveal a great many interface and system options, but take care — some may stop your computer behaving as you wish. (Professional Edition only).

3. You can lock your XP workstation with two clicks of the mouse. Create a new shortcut on your desktop using a right mouse click, and enter ‘ rundll32.exe user32.dll,LockWorkStation’ in the location field. Give the shortcut a name you like. That’s it — just double click on it and your computer will be locked. And if that’s not easy enough, Windows key + L will do the same.

4. XP hides some system software you might want to remove, such as Windows Messenger, but you can tickle it and make it disgorge everything. Using Notepad or Edit, edit the text file /windows/inf/sysoc.inf, search for the word ‘hide’ and remove it. You can then go to the Add or Remove Programs in the Control Panel, select Add/Remove Windows Components and there will be your prey, exposed and vulnerable.

5. For those skilled in the art of DOS batch files, XP has a number of interesting new commands. These include ‘eventcreate’ and ‘eventtriggers’ for creating and watching system events, ‘typeperf’ for monitoring performance of various subsystems, and ‘schtasks’ for handling scheduled tasks. As usual, typing the command name followed by /? will give a list of options — they’re all far too baroque to go into here.

6. XP has IP version 6 support — the next generation of IP. Unfortunately this is more than your ISP has, so you can only experiment with this on your LAN. Type ‘ipv6 install’ into Run… (it’s OK, it won’t ruin your existing network setup) and then ‘ipv6 /?’ at the command line to find out more. If you don’t know what IPv6 is, don’t worry and don’t bother.

7. You can at last get rid of tasks on the computer from the command line by using ‘taskkill /pid’ and the task number, or just ‘tskill’ and the process number. Find that out by typing ‘tasklist’, which will also tell you a lot about what’s going on in your system.

8. XP will treat Zip files like folders, which is nice if you’ve got a fast machine. On slower machines, you can make XP leave zip files well alone by typing ‘regsvr32 /u zipfldr.dll’ at the command line. If you change your mind later, you can put things back as they were by typing ‘regsvr32 zipfldr.dll’.

9. XP has ClearType — Microsoft’s anti-aliasing font display technology — but doesn’t have it enabled by default. It’s well worth trying, especially if you were there for DOS and all those years of staring at a screen have given you the eyes of an astigmatic bat. To enable ClearType, right click on the desktop, select Properties, Appearance, Effects, select ClearType from the second drop-down menu and enable the selection. Expect best results on laptop displays. If you want to use ClearType on the Welcome login screen as well, set the registry entry HKEY_USERS/.DEFAULT/Control Panel/Desktop/FontSmoothingType to 2.

10. You can use Remote Assistance to help a friend who’s using network address translation (NAT) on a home network, but not automatically. Get your pal to email you a Remote Assistance invitation and edit the file. Under the RCTICKET attribute will be a NAT IP address, like 192.168.1.10. Replace this with your chum’s real IP address — they can find this out by going to www.whatismyip.com — and get them to make sure that they’ve got port 3389 open on their firewall and forwarded to the errant computer.

11. You can run a program as a different user without logging out and back in again. Right click the icon, select Run As… and enter the user name and password you want to use. This only applies for that run. The trick is particularly useful if you need to have administrative permissions to install a program, which many require. Note that you can have some fun by running programs multiple times on the same system as different users, but this can have unforeseen effects.

12. Windows XP can be very insistent about you checking for auto updates, registering a Passport, using Windows Messenger and so on. After a while, the nagging goes away, but if you feel you might slip the bonds of sanity before that point, run Regedit, go to HKEY_CURRENT_USER/Software/Microsoft/Windows/Current Version/Explorer/Advanced and create a DWORD value called EnableBalloonTips with a value of 0.

13. You can start up without needing to enter a user name or password. Select Run… from the start menu and type ‘control userpasswords2′, which will open the user accounts application. On the Users tab, clear the box for Users Must Enter A User Name And Password To Use This Computer, and click on OK. An Automatically Log On dialog box will appear; enter the user name and password for the account you want to use.

14. Internet Explorer 6 will automatically delete temporary files, but only if you tell it to. Start the browser, select Tools / Internet Options… and Advanced, go down to the Security area and check the box to Empty Temporary Internet Files folder when browser is closed.

15. XP comes with a free Network Activity Light, just in case you can’t see the LEDs twinkle on your network card. Right click on My Network Places on the desktop, then select Properties. Right click on the description for your LAN or dial-up connection, select Properties, then check the Show icon in notification area when connected box. You’ll now see a tiny network icon on the right of your task bar that glimmers nicely during network traffic.

16. The Start Menu can be leisurely when it decides to appear, but you can speed things along by changing the registry entry HKEY_CURRENT_USER/Control Panel/Desktop/MenuShowDelay from the default 400 to something a little snappier. Like 0.

17. You can rename loads of files at once in Windows Explorer. Highlight a set of files in a window, then right click on one and rename it. All the other files will be renamed to that name, with individual numbers in brackets to distinguish them. Also, in a folder you can arrange icons in alphabetised groups by View, Arrange Icon By… Show In Groups.

18. Windows Media Player will display the cover art for albums as it plays the tracks — if it found the picture on the Internet when you copied the tracks from the CD. If it didn’t, or if you have lots of pre-WMP music files, you can put your own copy of the cover art in the same directory as the tracks. Just call it folder.jpg and Windows Media Player will pick it up and display it.

19. Windows key + Break brings up the System Properties dialogue box; Windows key + D brings up the desktop; Windows key + Tab moves through the taskbar buttons .

20. To change drive letters (useful if you have two drives and have partitioned the boot drive, but the secondary drive shows up as “D”)
Go to Start > Control Panel > Administrative Tools > Computer Management, Disk Management, then right-click the partition whose name you want to change (click in the white area just below the word “Volume”) and select “change drive letter and paths.”
From here you can add, remove or change drive letters and paths to the partition.

1.Save a few keystrokes when entering dates

When entering the start and due dates for a new task, you don’t have to type the entire date. If a date is in the current month, just enter the day and Outlook will enter the rest of the date for you. For instance, if the current month is March and you enter 14, Outlook assumes you mean March 14 of the current year and fills in that date.

When a date isn’t in the current month, you can still save a few keystrokes by entering the month and day. Outlook will fill in the year as follows:

If the month and day haven’t occurred in the current year, Outlook uses the current year.

If the month and day have passed, Outlook uses the next year.

2.Control how you print notes

If you use the Notes feature to jot down questions, ideas, or quick reminders, you might also want to print them occasionally. By default, Outlook prints each note on a separate page, which might or might not be what you want. You can force Outlook to fill each page, to save paper or to keep related notes together. Select the notes you want to print and then choose Print from the File menu. In the resulting Print dialog box, deselect the Start Each Item On A New Page check box in the Print Options and click OK.

If the option is disabled, you’re using HTML format. You must switch to plain or text format to enable this option. To do so, choose Options from the Tools menu. Click on the Mail Format tab and choose Plain Text from the Compose In This Message Format option’s drop-down list. Then, click Apply and OK. Repeat the print instructions, and you’ll find the Start Each Item On A New Page option is enabled. After printing the notes, just retrace your steps to reset your format setting .

3.Print e-mail when it arrives

For a variety of reasons, some of us end up printing e-mail messages. If you print most of your messages, or all of your messages from a specific source, opening each message to print it manually interrupts your work. Setting a rule to print the desired incoming mail might be more efficient. To do so:

1. From the Tools menu, choose Rules And Alerts.

2. Click New Rule on the E-mail Rules tab.

3. Click Start From A Blank Rule at the top of the resulting Rules Wizard dialog box.

4. In the Step 1 box, highlight the Check Messages When They Arrive option (it should be the default) and then click Next.

5. In the Step 1 box, select the Where My Name Is In The To Box check box (or whatever option applies, if you don’t want to print all you messages) and click Next.

6. In the Step 1 box, click the Print It option and click Next.

At this point, you can identify exceptions to the rule, but we won’t do that here. Just click Next, and then Finish, Apply, and OK to return to Outlook.

After setting up the new print rule, Outlook will print every incoming message that meets your requirements. Now, the chances are that you won’t want to print every message. So make good use of the conditions offered in steps 5 and 7 to limit the messages Outlook prints.

4.Store sent mail efficiently

When you reply to an e-mail, Outlook stores a copy of that message in the Sent folder. If you’re like me, your Sent folder has thousands of messages. If you need to find a specific message later, you must sort through all those messages, and that takes time. Instead, store your replies with the original message. For instance, suppose you automatically route all your messages from your boss into a folder named, appropriately enough, MyBoss. If you want Outlook to store your replies in MyBoss with the original messages, do the following:

1. From the Tools menu, choose Options.

2. On the Preferences tab (which should be selected by default), click E-mail Options in the E-mail section.

3. Click Advanced E-mail Options at the bottom of the Message Handling section.

4. In the Save Messages section, select the In Folders Other Than The Inbox, Save Replies With The Original Message check box and then click OK three times to return to Outlook.

Outlook will apply this setting to all of your personal folders. Just remember that Outlook saves replies with the original message and not in the Sent folder only when the original message is in a folder other than the Inbox. Outlook continues to save all replies sent from messages in the Inbox in the Sent folder.

5.Create a Flags toolbar

Quick Flags help you categorize your messages, usually by some level of importance or by task. For instance, you might use a red flag to mark messages that need a quick response and a blue flag to mark messages on which you’ve acted and are waiting for a response.

The problem with Quick Flags is that there’s no way to customize their descriptions. Outlook identifies them only by color. You can’t change the name of Red Flag to Critical. Remembering what each color represents can become burdensome.

1. An easy way to remember what each flag represents is to create a custom toolbar that displays each flag with text that means something to you. Fortunately, the process is easy:

2. From the Tools menu, choose Customize.

3. On the Toolbars tab, click New and name the new toolbar appropriately (for instance, you might name it “Flags”) and click OK.

4. In the Customize dialog box, click the Commands tab.

5. Select Actions from the Categories list box.

6. Next, drag the appropriate flag color buttons from the Commands list to the custom toolbar. (If you can’t find the toolbar, look behind the dialog box.)

7. After adding all the flags you want, change the text for each flag button. Right-click a flag button and replace the Name setting, e.g., &Red Flag, with something more helpful, such as “Critical.” Select the Image And Text option so that Outlook will display the button’s name on the toolbar.

8. Complete steps 6 and 7 for each flag button in your new toolbar.

6.Modify the scope of your Calendar work week

By default, the Work Week calendar view displays the five days of the traditional business week, Monday through Friday. To include Saturday and Sunday in that view, choose Options from the Tools menu. In the resulting Options dialog box, click Calendar Options in the Calendar section. In the Calendar Options dialog box, check Sat and Sun in the Calendar Work Week section. Then, click OK twice to return to the Calendar.

You don’t have to view a seven- or traditional five-day work week. Check the days of the week that apply to you for a custom work week view. For example, if you work Wednesday through Sunday, you can make those selections to build a view that reflects your schedule.

7.Use color to identify messages from specific senders

Expecting important mail? Identify it as soon as it comes in by displaying it in a distinctive color. Start by select an existing message from the sender in question, if you have one. If you don’t, that’s okay; you can enter the sender’s name manually. Now follow these steps:

1. In Mail, choose Organize from the Tools menu.

2. In the Ways To Organize Mail pane, click the Colors link on the left side.

3. In the first condition statement (we won’t use the second), choose From in the first drop-down list.

4. If you chose a message before starting, the sender’s name will appear in the text box to the right. If it’s the wrong name, enter the right name or the person’s e-mail address.

5. Choose a color from the second drop-down list.

6. Click Apply Color and close the pane.

Afterward, Outlook will display all messages, existing and new, from the person you specified in step 4 in the color you selected in step 5.

8.Distinguish incoming mail from existing mail

By default, Outlook displays incoming mail as bold text until you read it. If you need a bit more help, consider displaying unread mail in a bright color. To do so, you’ll work in a view, not a rule:

1. In Mail, choose Inbox.

2. Choose Arrange By from the View menu.

3. Select Current View and then Define View from the subsequent submenus.

4. In the Custom View Organizer dialog box, check the option and click Modify.

5. Click Automatic Formatting.

6. In the Automatic Formatting dialog box, click Font.

7. In the Font dialog box, choose a color from the Color dropdown list, and click OK three times. Then, click Apply View.

Outlook will display all unread mail in the Inbox in the color you choose in step 7. Doing so won’t display unread messages automatically routed to other folders. Since this is a view, it works only on the current folder. However, you can set up a similar view for any folder you like. In addition, the unread mail formatting takes precedent over colors used to identify mail from a specific sender.

9.Force replies to reach multiple recipients

A problem arises when you need recipients to reply to everyone receiving a message. The responding recipient must remember to click Reply All instead of Reply. If the recipient forgets to click Reply All, you’re the only one who will see the reply, forcing you to forward it to everyone else, which is inefficient. Before you send the message, you can configure it to reply to everyone:

When composing the message, click the Options button on the Formatting toolbar.

1. Choose Options from the resulting drop-down list.

2. In the Message Options dialog box, check the Have Replies Sent To option in the Delivery Options section, which will automatically enter your e-mail address.

3. Next, click the Select Names button to the right and select all the appropriate recipients.

4. Click Close to return to your message.

5. When any recipient responds to the message, regardless of which reply choice they click, the reply will go to everyone you specified in the Have Replies Sent To option.

10.Create a temporary work week in the Calendar

The Work Week calendar view displays a week view, and you define what constitutes a work week (see Tip #6). If you need to see more or less than the usual work week, you can temporarily change that view. In the Date Navigation pane, click the first date you want to view. Then, hold down the [Shift] key and press the last date in the period. Outlook automatically adjusts the Calendar Work Week to include all of the dates in the selected time period. Alternately, you can view a group of noncontiguous dates by holding down [Ctrl] instead of [Shift] as you click dates. Outlook will display the days in order, regardless of how you select them.

  1. What are 10Base2, 10Base5 and 10BaseT Ethernet LANs ?
  2. What is the difference between an unspecified passive open and a fully specified passive open
  3. Explain the function of Transmission Control Block
  4. What is a Management Information Base (MIB)
  5. What is anonymous FTP and why would you use it?
  6. What is a pseudo tty?
  7. What is REX?
  8. What does the Mount protocol do ?
  9. What is External Data Representation?
  10. What is the Network Time Protocol?
  11. What is a DNS resource record?
  12. What protocol is used by DNS name servers?
  13. What is the difference between interior and exterior neighbor gateways?
  14. What is the HELLO protocol used for?
  15. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the three types of routing tables?
  16. What is source route?
  17. What is RIP (Routing Information Protocol)?
  18. What is SLIP (Serial Line Interface Protocol)?
  19. What is Proxy ARP?
  20. What is OSPF?
  21. What is Kerberos?
  22. What is a Multi-homed Host?
  23. What is NVT (Network Virtual Terminal)?
  24. What is Gateway-to-Gateway protocol?
  25. What is BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)?
  26. What is autonomous system?
  27. What is EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol)?
  28. What is IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol)?
  29. What is Mail Gateway?
  30. What is wide-mouth frog?
  31. What are Digrams and Trigrams?
  32. What is silly window syndrome?
  33. What is region?
  34. What is multicast routing?
  35. What is traffic shaping?
  36. What is packet filter?
  37. What is virtual path?
  38. What is virtual channel?
  39. What is logical link control?
  40. Why should you care about the OSI Reference Model?
  41. What is the difference between routable and non- routable protocols?
  42. What is MAU?
  43. Explain 5-4-3 rule.
  44. What is the difference between TFTP and FTP application layer protocols?
  45. What is the range of addresses in the classes of internet addresses?
  46. What is the minimum and maximum length of the header in the TCP segment and IP datagram?
  47. What is difference between ARP and RARP?
  48. What is ICMP?
  49. What are the data units at different layers of the TCP / IP protocol suite?
  50. What is Project 802?
  51. What is Bandwidth?
  52. Difference between bit rate and baud rate?
  53. What is MAC address?
  54. What is attenuation?
  55. What is cladding?
  56. What is RAID?
  57. What is NETBIOS and NETBEUI?
  58. What is redirector?
  59. What is Beaconing?
  60. What is terminal emulation, in which layer it comes?
  61. What is frame relay, in which layer it comes?
  62. What do you meant by “triple X” in Networks?
  63. What is SAP?
  64. What is subnet?
  65. What is Brouter?
  66. How Gateway is different from Routers?
  67. What are the different type of networking / internetworking devices?
  68. What is mesh network?
  69. What is passive topology?
  70. What are the important topologies for networks?
  71. What are major types of networks and explain?
  72. What is Protocol Data Unit?
  73. What is difference between baseband and broadband transmission?
  74. What are the possible ways of data exchange?
  75. What are the types of Transmission media?
  76. What are the types of Transmission media?
  77. What is point-to-point protocol?
  78. What are the two types of transmission technology available?
  79. Difference between the communication and transmission?
  80. What is a different between switch and Hub?
  81. What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of DHCP?
  82. What is Recovery Console?
  83. What is ERD(Emergency Repair Disk)?
  84. What is the difference between POP3 and IMAP Mail Server?
  85. what is .ost file?
  86. Whatz the difference between DNS and WINS?
  87. How can we create VPN to connect to branch office of the same office.what would be the priliminary requirment?
  88. Why should we care about the OSI Reference Model ? What is the main purpose for creating this osi model? why it is a layered model?
  89. What is layer-3 switch?
  90. What is an email client? what is differnce between email client and web mail?
  91. what is the vlan ? how it is work?
  92. Name three network tools used to determine where a network connectivity is lost between two sites A&B.
  93. Which protocol is used for retrieving mails?
  94. What is piggy backing?
  95. What is the default subnet mask for an ipv6 address ?
  96. What is fragmentation of a packet ?
  97. What is MTU of a link ?
  98. Name any field of IP header that can prevent a packet to loop infinitely ?
  99. Under what situations a packet can go into infinite loop in a network ?
  100. Describe a 3-way TCP/IP Handshake.

Next Page »